Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) refers to fragments of DNA circulating freely in the bloodstream and other bodily fluids. The existence of cfDNA was first reported in 1948 by Mandel and Métais, who discovered cell-free nucleic acids in human plasma [1]. However, it was not until the 1970s that cfDNA was confirmed to be of tumor origin, when increased levels were found in cancer patients compared to healthy controls [2]. This circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) arises from apoptotic and necrotic tumor cells that have released their fragmented DNA into circulation. In the 1990s and 2000s, advancements in sensitive molecular techniques like quantitative PCR and digital PCR enabled the detection and analysis of cfDNA mutations and methylation patterns [3]. This allowed cfDNA to be established as an important biomarker for cancer detection, prognosis, and treatment monitoring. Today, cfDNA analysis continues to be an area of active research, with applications spanning cancer screening, diagnosis, prognosis, therapeutic response monitoring, and resistance mutation detection [3,4]. The ctDNA carries the same genetic and epigenetic alterations as the tumor itself, acting as a surrogate for the molecular profile of the underlying malignancy [5,6]. These tumor-specific changes include point mutations, copy number alterations, methylation abnormalities, and chromosomal rearrangements. The ctDNA enters the bloodstream by various mechanisms, including apoptosis and necrosis of cancer cells, secretion of vesicles, or spontaneous release [7–9]. Once in the circulation, ctDNA can be analyzed by techniques like quantitative PCR, digital PCR, beads-emulsification-amplification-magnetics (BEAMing), and next-generation sequencing [10–14]. Since ctDNA contains the same genetic mutations and epigenetic alterations as the tumor itself, it can serve as a “liquid biopsy” that allows non-invasive analysis and monitoring of cancers. Several studies have shown the potential of using ctDNA for Early cancer detection across multiple cancer types. For example, a recent study developed an assay that analyzed the fragment length profiles of cancer mutations in cfDNA to detect hepatocellular carcinoma [15]...

Uterine cancer is the most prevalent gynecological malignancy in developed and developing countries and its incidence is arising every year. Worldwide, approximately 382, 000 new cases are diagnosed each year and there are an estimated 90, 000 deaths.  As endometrial cancer becomes more prominent, the need to develop and characterize biomarkers for Early-stage diagnosis and the treatment. We analyze the current state of biomarker utilization for Early detection, including their sensitivity and specificity, paving the way for timely interventions. Several biomarkers, including P53, K-RAS, CA-125, HER2/neu, HE4, PTEN, MSI are used for Early detection, treatment, and prevention of uterine cancer. Prognostic biomarkers in uterine cancer have emerged as indispensable tools for predicting disease progression and patient outcomes. Endometrial biopsy, CT scan, MRI Scan, Dilation and Curettage, Transvaginal ultrasound are vital for diagnosing and staging of uterine cancer and provide essential information about the cancer’s presence, size, and spread, guiding proper treatment decisions. Various treatments modalities, including surgery, Chemotherapy, targeted therapies are examined. In conclusion, Early detection through biomarkers like P53, K-RAS, HER2/neu, PTEN, Serum CA-125 holds great promise for Early diagnosis and treatment advancements, and offering hope for improved outcomes and a better quality of life for patients in the future.